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The World Report on Violence and Health issued by WHO unfortunately
fails to call attention to the growing body of evidence which shows that
violent deaths among women are often associated with a pregnancy event.
Sadly, at least in some countries, homicide is the leading cause of death
among pregnant women and recently pregnant women.(1) According to one
study of battered women, the target of battery during their pregnancies
shifted from their faces and breasts to their pregnant abdomens.(2) This
redirection of the assault suggests hostility toward the women's
fertility.
Many women are coerced, pressured, or battered to submit to unwanted
abortions by men who are opposed to birth (3). This may be a clue as to
why a history of abortion is an important marker for increased risk of
death from violence.(4,5)
A major record linkage study in Finland found that in the first year
following a pregnancy event, women who delivered were half as likely to
die as women who had not been pregnant while women who had abortions were
76 percent more likely to die.(4) The largest discrepancy was due to
deaths from violence. The odds ratio of death for women who had abortions
compared to delivering women was 4.24 for accidents, 6.46 for suicide,
and 13.97 for deaths resulting from homicide.
Another large study in the United States revealed that the elevated
risk of death associated with a history of abortion persists for at least
eight years.(5) After controlling for age and prior psychiatric history,
a history of abortion was a statistically significant marker for 3.12
times higher risk of death from suicide and 1.93 times higher the risk of
death from suicide. The elevated risk of death from violent causes was
highest in the first four years following the pregnancy outcome.
While much attention is paid to the problem of unwanted pregnancies,
comparatively little has been paid to the violent conflicts which erupt
when pregnancies are wanted by women but not wanted by their partners.
Other causes of unwanted abortions—pressure from parents, medical
personnel, or circumstances— can also result in grief, guilt, and a loss
of desire to live (3), which may play a role in the higher rate of deaths
due to suicide and accidents among women with a history of abortion. One
important step in addressing this public health crisis is to expand
screening and counseling programs for women with a history of abortion.
David C. Reardon, Ph.D.
Elliot Institute
REFERENCES
(1) Horon IL, Cheng D .Enhanced surveillance for pregnancy-
associated mortality--Maryland, 1993-1998. JAMA. 2001;285(11):1455-9.
(2) Hilberman E, Munson K. Sixty battered women. Victimology 1977-78;
2:460-470.
(3) Burke T, Reardon DC. Forbidden Grief: The Unspoken Pain of Abortion.
Springfield, IL: Acorn Books, 2002.
(4) Gissler, M., et. al., "Pregnancy-associated deaths in Finland 1987-
1994 — definition problems and benefits of record linkage," Acta
Obsetricia et Gynecolgica Scandinavica. 1997; 76:651-7.
(5) Reardon DC, Ney PG, Scheuren FJ,, Cougle JR, Coleman, PK, Strahan T.
"Deaths associated with pregnancy outcome: a record linkage study of low
income women," Southern Medical Journal. 2002; 95(8):834-41.
WHO Report on Violence Misses Women's Deaths Associated with Pregnancy
The World Report on Violence and Health issued by WHO unfortunately
fails to call attention to the growing body of evidence which shows that
violent deaths among women are often associated with a pregnancy event.
Sadly, at least in some countries, homicide is the leading cause of death
among pregnant women and recently pregnant women.(1) According to one
study of battered women, the target of battery during their pregnancies
shifted from their faces and breasts to their pregnant abdomens.(2) This
redirection of the assault suggests hostility toward the women's
fertility.
Many women are coerced, pressured, or battered to submit to unwanted
abortions by men who are opposed to birth (3). This may be a clue as to
why a history of abortion is an important marker for increased risk of
death from violence.(4,5)
A major record linkage study in Finland found that in the first year
following a pregnancy event, women who delivered were half as likely to
die as women who had not been pregnant while women who had abortions were
76 percent more likely to die.(4) The largest discrepancy was due to
deaths from violence. The odds ratio of death for women who had abortions
compared to delivering women was 4.24 for accidents, 6.46 for suicide,
and 13.97 for deaths resulting from homicide.
Another large study in the United States revealed that the elevated
risk of death associated with a history of abortion persists for at least
eight years.(5) After controlling for age and prior psychiatric history,
a history of abortion was a statistically significant marker for 3.12
times higher risk of death from suicide and 1.93 times higher the risk of
death from suicide. The elevated risk of death from violent causes was
highest in the first four years following the pregnancy outcome.
While much attention is paid to the problem of unwanted pregnancies,
comparatively little has been paid to the violent conflicts which erupt
when pregnancies are wanted by women but not wanted by their partners.
Other causes of unwanted abortions—pressure from parents, medical
personnel, or circumstances— can also result in grief, guilt, and a loss
of desire to live (3), which may play a role in the higher rate of deaths
due to suicide and accidents among women with a history of abortion. One
important step in addressing this public health crisis is to expand
screening and counseling programs for women with a history of abortion.
David C. Reardon, Ph.D.
Elliot Institute
REFERENCES
(1) Horon IL, Cheng D .Enhanced surveillance for pregnancy-
associated mortality--Maryland, 1993-1998. JAMA. 2001;285(11):1455-9.
(2) Hilberman E, Munson K. Sixty battered women. Victimology 1977-78;
2:460-470.
(3) Burke T, Reardon DC. Forbidden Grief: The Unspoken Pain of Abortion.
Springfield, IL: Acorn Books, 2002.
(4) Gissler, M., et. al., "Pregnancy-associated deaths in Finland 1987-
1994 — definition problems and benefits of record linkage," Acta
Obsetricia et Gynecolgica Scandinavica. 1997; 76:651-7.
(5) Reardon DC, Ney PG, Scheuren FJ,, Cougle JR, Coleman, PK, Strahan T.
"Deaths associated with pregnancy outcome: a record linkage study of low
income women," Southern Medical Journal. 2002; 95(8):834-41.
Competing interests: No competing interests