Objectives: To compare outcomes (physical functions and discharge destinations) of cognitively impaired and intact older hip fracture patients, and to identify cognitive skills related to functional gains.
Design: Prospective longitudinal study of hip fracture patients treated on an acute inpatient rehabilitation service, with evaluation of functional performance and living status determined at admission and discharge.
Setting: A specialized inpatient geriatric rehabilitation program at Wesley Woods Geriatric Hospital, which is affiliated with Emory University School of Medicine.
Subjects: Fifty-eight hip fracture patients, 35 with and 23 without cognitive impairment.
Measurements: Cognitive functioning measured by the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS); functional outcome assessed by the Functional Independence Measure (FIM); comparison of pre-fracture with discharge living environments.
Main results: Both cognitively impaired and intact hip fracture patients exhibited similar overall FIM motor improvements as well as functional gains in specific FIM areas measuring self-care, sphincter control, and locomotion (e.g., walking). Cognitively intact patients, however, displayed significantly greater gains in mobility (e.g., transfers) at discharge. Cognitively impaired patients who lived in the community were as likely as intact patients to return to the community. Patients who entered the program at a modified dependence level (FIM 3-5) and achieved motor independence at discharge (FIM 6-7) had higher MDRS initiation/ perseveration and memory scores.
Conclusions: Hip fracture patients with cognitive impairments can achieve positive outcomes as defined by functional improvement and discharge destination. Intensive post-fracture rehabilitation in the early phase of recovery may promote functional independence and a return to the community for older patients at risk for nursing home placement. Future research should examine the long-term maintenance of these improvements and explore how rehabilitation interventions can be altered to enhance outcome.