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Letters Ebola

Ebola virus vaccine trials: the ethical mandate for a therapeutic safety net

BMJ 2014; 349 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g7518 (Published 10 December 2014) Cite this as: BMJ 2014;349:g7518
  1. Steve E Bellan, postdoctoral fellow1,
  2. Juliet R C Pulliam, assistant professor2,
  3. Jonathan Dushoff, associate professor3,
  4. Lauren Ancel Meyers, professor4
  1. 1Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
  2. 2Department of Biology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
  3. 3Department of Biology and Institute of Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  4. 4Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
  1. steve.bellan{at}gmail.com

Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) offer the fastest and most rigorous assessment of vaccine efficacy.1 But they are ethical only if there is “clinical equipoise”—genuine uncertainty in the medical community about whether the experimental intervention will do more good than harm.2 We argue that Ebola virus vaccine RCTs can achieve clinical equipoise without sacrificing scientific rigour by providing trial participants who develop Ebola virus disease (EVD) with enhanced supportive care and access to experimental therapeutics.

Most discussions have analysed Ebola vaccine and treatment RCTs under a single ethical framework, noting that EVD’s high case fatality rate undermines equipoise for even slightly promising interventions.3 Yet there is a crucial distinction: treatment RCTs investigate whether experimental treatments prevent death, whereas vaccine RCTs investigate whether experimental vaccines prevent disease. Consequently, efforts to achieve equipoise by minimising the case fatality rate would impede efficacy assessment in treatment RCTs but not vaccine RCTs. Thus, scientifically valid vaccine RCTs can and should minimise mortality risk by providing the best standard of care, including access to experimental therapeutics, for any trial participant who develops the disease (figure).

Figure1

Anticipated number of deaths among participants by trial arm in a hypothetical vaccine trial, with and without a treatment that reduces the case fatality rate by 70%. The therapeutic safety net reduces overall mortality and, crucially, also substantially bridges the gap between the two arms, thereby facilitating clinical equipoise. Following vaccine trial proposals,4 we assume that 30 participants will become infected before the trial reaches its stopping criteria. All assumptions are explained in the supplementary code (http://ebola.ici3d.org/BMJ/equipoise.R)

Although patients treated to date with experimental drugs and convalescent blood products differ from other patients in important ways, suggestive evidence links these treatments to better outcomes (table). More importantly, the consistent use of experimental treatments in the US and Europe implies that the health community expects their benefits to outweigh potential side effects.

Case fatality rates for Ebola according to treatment, restricted to younger age groups to control for age associated variation in survival

View this table:

Including a “therapeutic safety net” in vaccine RCTs would facilitate clinical equipoise and fulfil the ethical mandate to provide trial participants with the standard of care in the sponsoring countries.8 Proposed Ebola vaccine RCTs anticipate they will reach their stopping criteria after only 30-60 infections.9 Thus, the supportive care infrastructure and supplies of drugs or blood products needed to establish a therapeutic safety net should be attainable.

Notes

Cite this as: BMJ 2014;349:g7518

Footnotes

References